International AIDS Economic Network Feed

IAEN: International AIDS Economic Network

Tue, 11 Jun 2013 16:37:54 GMT

2012 IAEN Pre-Conference Materials Available

To view research presented at last year's conference and videos of remarks by Ambassador Eric Goosby, U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, Roxana Rogers, Director of the Office of HIV/AIDS at USAID and Dr. Stefano Bertozzi, Director of HIV at the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, News

"In One Simple Tool, Hope for H.I.V. Prevention"

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Jobs

Mon, 03 Jun 2013 16:59:02 GMT

Jobs

IAEN would like to maintain a listing of relevant job openings. If you have a position to post, please email us.

You can find general international health economics jobs posted by iHEA at this site: click here.

Current Listings:

Senior Research Associate, Applied Analytics Team

Business Unit:

Events

Mon, 08 Apr 2013 09:20:17 GMT

Events

Gates Deputy Director

Tue, 15 Feb 2011 13:28:37 GMT

Deputy Director - Efficiency & Effectiveness (HIV)

Guided by the belief that every life has equal value, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation works to help all people lead healthy, productive lives. In developing countries, it focuses on improving people’s health and giving them the chance to lift themselves out of hunger and extreme poverty. In the United States, it seeks to ensure that all people—

Models

Fri, 14 Jan 2011 11:25:28 GMT

Models

The Male Circumcision (MC) Decision-Makers’ Program Planning Tool (DMPPT) is an Excel-based model that estimates the impact and cost of scaling up male circumcision services as an HIV prevention intervention. The model considers different policy options including target populations (all adult males, young males, adolescents, neonates, high-risk males, etc.

About

Fri, 14 Jan 2011 10:09:31 GMT

About

Introduction to the IAEN

As the fight against HIV/AIDS moves into its fourth decade, a principal lesson learned is that HIV/AIDS cannot be dealt with as merely a health problem. Particularly in the hardest hit countries, HIV/AIDS is an issue of development, of economics, and of public policy. While it remains useful to discuss HIV/AIDS in terms of morbidity and mortality, a solution to the epidemic requires a much broader perspective.

IAEN Reasearch Library

Fri, 07 Jan 2011 15:44:17 GMT

This library contains materials about the public economics and policies of HIV/AIDS in developing countries is from a variety of sources. Inclusion in this library does not imply endorsement by IAEN or sponsoring organizations.

We value your additions! Please send suggestions to the IAEN site administrator.

HAPSAT

Thu, 06 Jan 2011 20:10:12 GMT

HAPSAT

The HIV/AIDS Program Sustainability Analysis Tool (HAPSAT) was developed by Health Systems 20/20 to assist governments and donors with the development of HIV/AIDS policies and implementation plans. HAPSAT utilizes a computer-based model for forecasting and analyzing the sustainability of HIV/AIDS programs. The model synthesizes detailed epidemiological, demographic, and service delivery data to generate a country-specific HIV/AIDS policy model that can be used to simulate multiple alternative policy scenarios.

Costab

Thu, 06 Jan 2011 20:05:23 GMT

Costab

Costab is the project costing component of a software series to improve efficiency and effectiveness of Project Processing activities. This component:

helps mission leaders, project economists, and financial analysts to organize and analyze project costing data in the course of project preparation and appraisal
calculates physical and price contingencies, taxes and foreign exchange
displays data in detailed cost tables
coverts financial costs to economic costs for use in economic analysis

Modes of Transmission

The Modes of Transmission (MoT) spreadsheet aims to calculate the expected number of new infections per year on the basis of a description of the current distribution of infections and patterns of risk within a population. The model serves firstly to explore the user's knowledge of the influences on the pattern of infection in the population of interest, and secondly to identify exposure/risk groups where estimates of new infections can be expected to help plan interventions.

Workbook Method

Thu, 06 Jan 2011 19:39:44 GMT

Workbook Method

Workbook Method is a spreadsheet used to estimate and project adult HIV prevalence from surveillance data in countries that lack HIV prevalence data from consistent sites over time.

Get the workbook

Return to Models Page

Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)

Thu, 06 Jan 2011 19:17:03 GMT

Estimation and Projection Package

The Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) is used to estimate and project adult HIV prevalence and incidence from surveillance data.

Get the software

Return to Models Page

AIM-B Impact Model for Business

Thu, 06 Jan 2011 19:05:56 GMT

AIM-B Impact Model for Business

AIM-B is an economic and demographic model designed to help managers analyze how HIV/AIDS is affecting their businesses and project how it will affect them in the future. This simplified on-line version of AIM-B estimates the main direct costs of HIV/AIDS in health, recruitment, and benefit costs.

Workplace Policy Builder

Workplace Policy Builder (WPB) is designed to help companies develop their own HIV/AIDS policies through a participatory process. The WPB guides the user through the step-by-step process of developing a policy and includes a number of resources: a database of corporate workplace policies from around the world, a literature database of the impact of HIV/AIDS, national HIV/AIDS policies, international standards, the AIM-B model, and a component for assessing the cost of any proposed program.

Models: Spectrum

Thu, 06 Jan 2011 16:30:22 GMT

Spectrum

Spectrum is a suite of policy models that make use of a unified set of Windows-based commands that can be easily learned. The models are used to project the need for FP/RH, MH, and HIV/AIDS services. Most models are available in English, French, and Spanish. Some are also available in Portuguese, Arabic, and Russian. Each model includes a detailed user manual that not only describes how to use the software but also includes sections on data sources, interpretation and use of the results, a tutorial, and a description of the methodology.

Privacy Policy

Thu, 06 Jan 2011 15:59:47 GMT

Privacy Policy, Copyright, and Disclaimer of Endorsement

This section explains how IAEN will handle information we learn about you from your visit to our website. The information we receive depends upon what you do when visiting our site.

If you visit our site to read or download information, such as library documents or information about one of the models:

We collect and store only the following information about you:

Contact

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Financial sustainability of the response to HIV and AIDS in South Africa: comparing the estimated costs of the new South African National Strategic Plan with projected estimates of available funds: exploring funding options.

Long-run effects of ART on employment in rural South African households

Value for Money - challenges to current paradigms and suggestions for improvement

The cost-effectiveness of early detection and adequate monitoring of HIV/AIDS patients in Mexico

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:25:00 GMT

The cost-effectiveness of maternal and infant antiretroviral regimens to prevent vertical HIV transmission in Malawi

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:26:00 GMT

The Cost-Effectiveness of Adding a Third HIV Test in Routine HIV Testing to Reduce the Frequency of False Positive Test Results in Sub-Saharan Africa

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:26:00 GMT

Strategies to facilitate timely and rigorous impact evaluation of large-scale HIV interventions

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:27:00 GMT

Scaling-Up Male Circumcision in Tanzania Yields Cost Benefits for HIV Prevention

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:28:00 GMT

Evaluating the Costs of Medication Assisted Therapy in Georgia

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:28:00 GMT

Cost and efficiency analysis of the Avahan HIV Prevention programme for high risk groups in India

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:29:00 GMT

Modelling cost of ART for prevention

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:30:00 GMT

Comparative economic positions of orphan, non-orphan and mixed households: Findings from round 3 of the Amajuba District Study in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:31:00 GMT

An Investigation of the Health and Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS on Malawi Households: A Cohort Study in Mangochi District

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:31:00 GMT

Rush to Judgement: Confounding in STI-HIV Prevention Trials

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:33:00 GMT

A Quality Review Process for HIV Prevention Costing Studies in Developing Countries

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:34:00 GMT

A new approach to costing HIV interventions: Using project records from the International HIV/AIDS Alliance coalition of organizations in West Africa

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:35:00 GMT

Site Maturity and Patient Volume are Strong Predictors of HIV Treatment Costs in Resource Limited Settings: Results of a 6 Country Study

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:35:00 GMT

Explaining variation in the average cost of antiretroviral treatment: Policy and environmental determinants of the cost of ART in Africa

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:36:00 GMT

The cost of scaling-up Anti-retroviral Treatment: a costing study in 161 representative facilities in Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, and Zambia

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:37:00 GMT

Taking ART to Scale: Determinants of the Cost and Cost-Effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy in 45 Clinical Sites in Zambia

Fri, 17 Aug 2012 09:38:00 GMT

Antiretroviral Therapy in Zambia: Costs, Patient Outcomes and Implications for further scale-up

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:37:00 GMT

Assuring the delivery of third-line ART in Brazil: Policy Issues and Perspectives

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:38:00 GMT

Assessment process for human resources for health planning toward more sustainable antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment and HIV counseling and testing (HCT) services

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:39:00 GMT

Evaluating the Costs of Implementing a More Sustainable Response: A Study of PEPFAR Support to Kenya's PMTCT Program, 2005-2010

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:40:00 GMT

ART Guideline Changes and the Potential Impacts on Program Sustainability in Botswana

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:41:00 GMT

Spending on Prevention Activities in the SADC Region - Are the Trends and Priorities within an Investment Framework?

A Portfolio Approach for HIV Control in South Africa

Out-of-pocket costs for patients receiving HIV care and treatment in Kenya

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:11:00 GMT

Out-of-pocket payments in HIV treatment: Evidence from ten sites

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:12:00 GMT

Introducing new TB diagnostics for those living with HIV: consequences for the South African health budget

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:13:00 GMT

Value for money of structural interventions: going beyond HIV-only costs-effectiveness analysis

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:14:00 GMT

How does integration impact the costs and efficiency of delivering HIV services? A summary of baseline costs in Kenya and Swaziland

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:15:00 GMT

The Costing of HIV Testing and Counseling in Botswana: Capturing Cost and Effectiveness Data for Multiple Service Delivery Models

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:16:00 GMT

A systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of Harm Reduction for IDUs - how good is the evidence?

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:16:00 GMT

Cost effectiveness analysis of PMTCT service delivery modalities in Addis Ababa (Using Decision Models)

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:17:00 GMT

Challenges of adapting the standard National AIDS Spending Assessment methodology in some African countries: a case study of Uganda

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:18:00 GMT

Trends of resource allocation for HIV/AIDS in low-income countries: Are there inefficiencies?

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:18:00 GMT

Should the lack of and the poor quality of information on HIV/AIDS unit costs raise concerns about resource allocation inefficiency in Sub Saharan Africa?

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:19:00 GMT

Economic evaluation of HIV vaccination: current practice and broadened perspectives

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:20:00 GMT

The impact of antiretroviral therapy on economic outcomes for South African patients: five-year follow-up and attrition analysis

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:20:00 GMT

Outcomes and outpatient costs of pediatric ART in Zambia

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:21:00 GMT

Disability Grant terminations and the virologic and immunilogic response to ARV treatment

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:22:00 GMT

Is treatment-as-prevention the new game-changer? Cost and Effectiveness

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:22:00 GMT

Model Based Consensus on the Impact of an RV 144-like HIV Vaccine in Diverse Epidemic Settings

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:23:00 GMT

Risk Management in HIV/AIDS: ethical and economic issues associated with restricting HAART access only to adherent patients as a precautionary intervention

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:24:00 GMT

The cost of inpatient treatment for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in South Africa

Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:24:00 GMT

What is Happening with pre-ART Care in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Does AIDS Treatment Stimulate Negative Behavioral Response? A Field Experiment in South Africa

Efficiency and Effectiveness of HIV/AIDS Policies and Interventions

The Economic Impact of AIDS in Nigeria

Long Term Socio-Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS on Children and Policy Response in Thailand

HIV/AIDS and Poverty Reduction Strategies

UNDP Policy Notes are intended to inform and strengthen the delivery of policy and programme support to countries. This note provides policy guidance on the important challenge of integrating HIV/AIDS priorities into poverty reduction strategies, including Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs).
Poverty reduction strategies are becoming the main development planning instrument in many countries, determining national priorities and domestic as well as external resource allocation.

The Impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on agriculture

Socio-economic Impacts of HIV/AIDS in China

The Impact of HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs on Indian Sex-Workers Living in Socio-Economic Disparities

In India, the first reported case of AIDS was in 1986. Since then, several prevention and intervention programs have been introduced at the national, regional and international level in the country to control the spread of this epidemic. As part of the evaluation strategy that the national government has initiated recently, this research seeks to evaluate the programs that are specifically geared towards helping the AIDS infected women who are challenged with socio-economic-health disparities.

The Implications of HIV/AIDS for Household Food Security in Africa

The purpose of this paper is to analyse some of the linkages between
HIV/AIDS, gender and household food security in rural Africa. To date, the majority
of extant studies on rural HIV/AIDS have focused on the socio-economic impact of
the epidemic on the family and household economy as a whole, without
distinguishing in detail how men and women are affected and how male/female
morbidity and mortality affect food and livelihood security.

The Economic Impact of AIDS in Ethiopia

The Impact of a Growing HIV/AIDS Epidemic on the Kenyan Children

The results presented in this chapter are based on secondary data from relevant
institutions, three mini surveys and simulation models. HIV prevalence in Kenya increased
from 5.3 percent in 1990 to 13.5 percent in 2002 with the number of children under 5 years
living with HIV growing from 32,000 in 1990 to 106,000 in 2000. The projections based on
the trend data suggest that HIV prevalence will reach a peak to about 14 percent by 2005 and
stabilize at that level.

Poverty and HIV/AIDS: Impact, Coping and Mitigation Policy

This chapter looks at the relation between HIV/AIDS and poverty and tries to
say something about the relation between poverty and HIV/AIDS: a difficult task as there is
little in the way of conclusive or persuasive research. An important finding is that mitigation
of the impact of AIDS is so far rather poorly documented – which is not say that there is not a
multitude of mitigation responses, just that few of them are recorded and most remain at the
communal or household level.

Turning the Tide Against HIV/AIDS: Targeting Youth

Socio-Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS on Farm Women in Nigeria: Evidence from Enugu State

Most recently, the role of women in the development of agriculture and other sectors of the Nigerian
economy have been acknowledged and recorded. Women contribute significantly in agriculture, rural
development and biodiversity conservation. Women are known to produce up to 60% of the food consumed
by the backbone of subsistence agriculture in the developing countries. The rural women are the principal
actors in pre-and-post-harvest food processes as processors, preservers, preparers and distributors [26].

Socio-Economic IMPACT of HIV and AIDS

Special Session of the General Assembly on HIV/AIDS: round table 3 socio-economic impact of the epidemic and strengthening of national capacities to combat HIV/AIDS

The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Ukraine: Its Potential Social and Economic Impact

Present and immediately foreseeable medical knowledge suggest that HIV infection cannot be avoided
by vaccination and that an affordable cure for the resulting syndrome, AIDS, is a long way off. There
is a strong possibility that Ukraine is confronted by an HIV epidemic which will spread into the general
population and the most common mode of transmission will be through heterosexual intercourse.

The Socio-Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS in Swaziland

This study seeks to understand the impact of HIV/AIDS on the socio-economic
fabric of the Kingdom of Swaziland. With Antenatal Clinic (ANC) prevalence
rates among women aged 15-49 recorded at 42.6% in 2004, Swaziland has one of the
highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rates in the world and, consequently, also faces one of the
biggest challenges in mitigating its effects. The overall level of infection is still increasing,
albeit at slower rates than in the earlier stages of the epidemic.

The Socio-economic Impact of HIV/AIDS on Children in a Low Prevalence Context: the Case of Senegal

This chapter analyses the socio-economic impacts of HIV/AIDS on children in
Senegal as well as the impacts of the response policies implemented by the different actors.
Data were collected at seven research sites across the country, and complemented by a review
of available reports and articles. Their analysis reveals an insignificant nation-wide impact of
HIV/AIDS in sectors of health, education, demography and economy.

Africa: The Socio-Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS

In less than two decades, more than 65 million people have contracted the HIV

virus - globally. Of this, 22 million people have died from HIV related illnesses,

mostly from AIDS, and 17 million of them have been from Africa.

Unit and Total Costs of HIV/AIDS Services Provided Through Zambian Public Health Facilities

Keynote Speech: Gates Foundation Strategic Planning and its Connection with AIDS Economists

The Role of AIDS Economists in Influencing Policy Decisions

Overview of AIDS and Economics: Funding, Costing and Quality

Future Financing Required for Global Fund-Supported ART Patients

Total Cost and Potential Cost Savings of the National Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) Programme in South Africa 2010 to 2017

Political Economy and HIV/AIDS Policies

Economic Returns of Global Fund-Supported ART Programs

Cost-Benefit Evaluation of the Kenya Ports Authority HIV Prevention, Education and AIDS Care Activities

The Call for More vs. The Call for a More Efficient Use of Existing Resources? Why Economists Have Such a Hard Time Making Their Voices Heard in AIDS-related Decision Making Processes

AIDS and Aid: A Public Good Approach

Domestic contributions for HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment: How much is 'fair'

Building Partnerships with the Insurance Industry to Improve Access to HIV-Related Services Around the World

Business Councils and the National HIV/AIDS Response

'Fit to Play but Goalless': Labour Market Outcomes in a Cohort of Public Sector ART Clients in Free State Province, South Africa

Costs of Scaling-up Programme for Men who have sex with Men (MSM) in Bangalore

Unit and Total Costs of HIV/AIDS Services Provided Through Zambian Public Health Facilities

Cost of PEPFAR-funded Interventions: Case Study of 'Abstinence and be Faithful' and 'Community Mobilisation' Strategies in Uganda

A Cost Analysis of PEPFAR-funded OVC Programs in Ethiopia

With a little help from my friends: demand for membership of HIV/AIDS support groups among public sector ART clients in Free State, South Africa

Willingness to Accept Conditional Economic Incentives for HIV & STI Prevention Among men at high risk of Infection in Mexico City

Predictors and Cost of Hospitalization Among HIV-Positive Patients Presenting at an Urban HIV Treatment Center in South Africa

Investigating the Financial Sustainability of ART Programs: the case of South Africa

Determinants of Adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment and Treatment Outcomes in Gujarat and other states in India

An Assessment Of The Quality Of Life Of HIV/AIDS Patients And Their Families In Ghana During The Scaling-Up Of The Delivery Of Antiretroviral Treatment

Addressing the challenge of HIV/AIDS: macroeconomic, fiscal and institutional issues

After decades of neglect the HIV/AIDS epidemic has rightly become one of the highest priorities on the global agenda. Funding pledges from the donors have doubled resource commitments between 2002 and 2004 to over $6 billion. That surge in funding belies the volatile nature of contributions to HIV/AIDS initiatives at the country level. The paper analyzes the impacts of abrupt HIV/AIDS funding on macroeconomic stability, fiscal health and the development of health institutions.

AIDS treatment and intrahousehold resource allocations: children's nutrition and schooling in Kenya

The provision of life-saving antiretroviral (ARV) treatment has emerged as a key component of the global response to HIV/AIDS, yet little is known about the impact of this intervention on the welfare of children whose parents receive treatment. In this working paper CGD post-doctoral fellow Harsha Thirumurthy and his co-authors use longitudinal household survey data collected in collaboration with a treatment program in western Kenya to provide the first estimate of the impact of ARV treatment on children's schooling and nutrition.

Following the funding for HIV/AIDS: a comparative analysis of the funding practices of PEPFAR, the Global Fund and World Bank MAP in Mozambique, Uganda and Zambia

Agenda for the IAEN Pre-Conference Meeting in Cuernavaca, Mexico

Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy assessed by pharmacy claims predicts survival in HIV-infected South African adults

It is unclear how adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may best be monitored in large HIV programs in sub-Saharan Africa where it is being scaled up. We aimed to evaluate the association between HAART adherence, as estimated by pharmacy claims, and survival in HIV-1-infected South African adults enrolled in a private-sector AIDS management program. Of the 6288 patients who began HAART between January 1999 and August 2004, 3805 (61%) were female and 6094 (97%) were black African.

Antiretroviral therapy and HIV prevention in India: modeling costs and consequences of policy options

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to assess the costs, cost-effectiveness, and HIV epidemic impact of 3 antiretroviral therapy (ART) policy options. STUDY DESIGN: We constructed an epidemiologic model to predict the course of the HIV epidemic in the absence of expanded ART availability. Based on background studies of the willingness to pay for ART among patients with AIDS, of the costs to the government of the alternative treatment interventions, and of ART's likely effects on HIV transmission, we simulated the consequences of 3 possible alternative government ART policies.

Are Country Reputations for Good or Bad AIDS Leadership Deserved? An Exploratory Quantitative Analysis

ART and Impaired Presenteeism Among Kenyan Agricultural Workers

Business and HIV/AIDS: a healthier partnership?

Assessment of quality of life in HAART-treated HIV-positive subjects with body fat redistribution in Rwanda

BACKGROUND: The introduction of HAART has initially improved the quality of life (QoL) of HIV-positive (HIV+) patients, however body fat redistribution (BFR) and metabolic disorders associated with long-term HAART use may attenuate this improvement. As access to treatment improves in sub-Saharan Africa, the disfiguring nature of BFR (peripheral atrophy and/or central adiposity) may deter treatment adherence and initiatives and decrease QoL.

Business coalitions tackling AIDS: a worldwide review

Reviews and analyses the current status of 4 regional and 47 national Business Coalitions that are in various stages of development around the world today (and 10 new coalitions planning to launch in 2008-2009). It demonstrates their pivotal role in the AIDS response; describes best practices, benefits, and achievements; and, highlights key challenges facing national and regional coalitions.

Children affected by AIDS: a review of the literature on orphaned and vulnerable children

Cost and cost-effectiveness of switching from stavudine to tenofovir in first-line antiretroviral regimens in South Africa

BACKGROUND: Most first-line antiretroviral therapy regimens in Africa include stavudine (d4T), despite the high incidence of toxicities related to it. We estimated the cost and cost-effectiveness of switching from d4T to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in South Africa. METHODS: A model was developed to estimate the proportion of patients in a hypothetical cohort who experienced d4T- and TDF-related events over the 2 years after antiretroviral therapy initiation.

Condom use and different types of capital among MSM in Mexico City

Cost effectiveness analysis of strategies to combat HIV/AIDS in developing countries

Cost effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment strategies in resource-limited settings

BACKGROUND: Optimal resource allocation for antiretroviral treatment (ART) in developing countries requires assessment of different strategies for drug treatment and laboratory monitoring. OBJECTIVES: To compare costs and outcomes for 10 000 simulated HIV-infected patients followed every 6 months for 10 years in a limited-resource setting. METHOD:: Five nested strategies, with and without the availability of a second-line treatment regimen, were simulated:

Cost of antiretroviral therapy in Haiti

Cost-effectiveness of alternative strategies for initiating and monitoring highly active antiretroviral therapy in the developing world

OBJECTIVE: Determine the cost-effectiveness of initiating and monitoring highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in developing countries according to developing world versus developed world guidelines. DESIGN:: Lifetime Markov model incorporating costs, quality of life, survival, and transmission to sexual contacts. METHODS:: We evaluated treating patients with HIV in South Africa according to World Health Organization (WHO) ''3 by 5'' guidelines (treat CD4 counts <

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Raltegravir in Treatment-Experienced HIV Patients in Spain

Cost-effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy for treating HIV disease in the Caribbean

Cost-effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment in Khayelitsha, South Africa - a primary data analysis

BACKGROUND: Given the size of the HIV epidemic in South Africa and other developing countries, scaling up antiretroviral treatment (ART) represents one of the key public health challenges of the next decade. Appropriate priority setting and budgeting can be assisted by economic data on the costs and cost-effectiveness of ART. The objectives of this research were therefore to estimate HIV healthcare utilisation, the unit costs of HIV services and the cost per life year (LY) and quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained of HIV treatment interventions from a provider's perspective.

Cost-effectiveness of different starting criteria of antiretroviral therapy in Mexico.

Cost-effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in South Africa

BACKGROUND: Little information exists on the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on health-care provision in South Africa despite increasing scale-up of access to HAART and gradual reduction in HAART prices. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Use and cost of services for 265 HIV-infected adults without AIDS (World Health Organization [WHO] stage 1, 2, or 3) and 27 with AIDS (WHO stage 4) receiving HAART between 1995 and 2000 in Cape Town were compared with HIV-infected controls matched for baseline WHO stage, CD4 count, age, and socioeconomic status, who did not receive antiretroviral therapy (ART;

Cost-effectiveness of HIV monitoring strategies in resource-limited settings: a southern African analysis

Arch Intern Med. 2008 Sep 22;168(17):1910-8.

Cost-effectiveness of HIV treatment in resource-poor settings--the case of Cote d'Ivoire

BACKGROUND: As antiretroviral therapy is increasingly used in settings with limited resources, key questions about the timing of treatment and use of diagnostic tests to guide clinical decisions must be addressed. METHODS: We assessed the cost-effectiveness of treatment strategies for a cohort of adults in Cote d'Ivoire who were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (mean age, 33 years;

Costs and benefits of private sector provision of treatment to HIV-infected employees in Kampala, Uganda

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the financial incentives that companies have to treat HIV-infected employees, in a health care services company in Kampala, Uganda. DESIGN: Cost-benefit analysis from the company's perspective of three interventions to treat HIV-infected employees. METHODS: The costs and benefits of each intervention were compared with no intervention and with each other:

Costs and outcomes of AIDS treatment delivery models

Presentation at the February 22, 2008 IAEN Technical Consultation

Costs to patients of obtaining treatment for HIV/AIDS in South Africa

Background. South Africa is providing antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for HIV/AIDS free of charge in order to increase access for poorer patients and promote adherence. However, non-drug costs of obtaining treatment may limit access. We estimated the costs that South African patients incur in obtaining antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods. A random sample of adult pre-ART and ART patients attending a public urban hospital (site 1), a peri-urban (informal settlement) non-governmental organisation (NGO) clinic (site 2), and a rural NGO clinic (site 3) were interviewed during a routine clinic visit.

Determinants of South African Women's Demand for New Barrier Methods and their Distribution: Analysis of a Discrete Choice Experiment

Developing a Methodology for Cost-Benefit Analysis of GFATM

Does the private sector care about AIDS? Evidence from firm surveys in East Africa

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to identify the determinants of HIV/AIDS prevention activity and pre-employment health checks by private firms in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. DESIGN: We used data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys for Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania, encompassing 860 formally registered firms in the manufacturing sector. METHODS: Econometric analysis of firm survey data was used to identify the determinants of HIV/AIDS prevention including condom distribution and voluntary counselling and testing (VCT).

Economic growth, education, and AIDS in Kenya : a long-run analysis

The AIDS epidemic threatens Kenya with a long wave of premature adult mortality, and thus with an enduring setback to the formation of human capital and economic growth. To investigate this possibility, the authors develop a model with three overlapping generations, calibrate it to the demographic and economic series from 1950 until 1990, and then perform simulations for the period ending in 2050 under alternative assumptions about demographic developments, including the counterfactual in which there is no epidemic.

Economics of effective AIDS treatment in Thailand

Introduction: The speed with which Thailand has scaled up public provision of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been unprecedented, with more than 80 000 individuals on treatment at the end of 2006 through Thailand's National Access to Antiretroviral Program for People Living with HIV/AIDS (NAPHA). This paper projects the cost effectiveness, the affordability and the future fiscal burden of NAPHA to the government of Thailand under several different policy scenarios until the year 2025.

Economics of scaling up new HIV prevention interventions: male circumcision

Presentation at the February 22, 2008 IAEN Technical Consultation

Epidemiology of HIV in South African workplaces

Objective: To determine the prevalence and distribution of HIV in South African workplaces. Design: Cross-sectional HIV prevalence and knowledge, attitudes and practices surveys, conducted in 22 public and private sector organizations in all nine provinces of South Africa on full-time, formally employed personnel who provided consent to participate. Outcome measures: The primary outcome was HIV prevalence.

Estimating the resource needs of scaling-up HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis interventions in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review for national policy makers and planners

Considerable effort has been made to estimate the global resource requirements of scaling-up HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (TB) interventions. There are currently several medium- and long-term global estimates available. Comprehensive country specific estimates are now urgently needed to ensure the successful scaling-up of these services. This paper reviews evidence on the global resource requirements of scaling-up HIV/AIDS and TB interventions.

Evolving cost of HIV in South Africa: changes in health care cost with duration on antiretroviral therapy for public sector patients

A retrospective costing study of 212 patients enrolled in a nongovernmental organization-supported public sector antiretroviral treatment (ART) program near Cape Town, South Africa was performed from a health care system perspective. gamma-Regression was used to analyze total costs in 3 periods: Pre-ART (median length = 30 days), first 48 weeks on ART (Year One), and 49 to 112 weeks on ART (Year Two).

Examining AIDS-related adult mortality in the KwaZulu-Natal Income Dynamics Surveys: employment, earnings and direct mortality costs

Financial and economic costs of scaling up the provision of HAART to HIV-infected health care workers in KwaZulu-Natal

OBJECTIVES: To provide new information on the financial and economic costs of providing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to health care workers in public-sector hospital settings in KwaZulu-Natal. DESIGN: An Excel model was used to estimate the cost of providing HAART to health care workers at two state-subsidised hospitals in Durban. Staff members were interviewed and protocols reviewed to identify the time and resources used to provide HAART to health care workers.

Financial resources required to achieve universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support

Presentation at the February 22, 2008 IAEN Technical Consultation

Financial resources required to achieve universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support

Substantial progress has been achieved in bringing essential HIV services to those in need in the low- and middle-income countries where 95 per cent of all people living with HIV reside yet the failure of half-measures to stem the worldwide expansion of HIV has led the global community to embrace the goal of moving towards universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support by 2010.

Has donor prioritization of HIV/AIDS displaced aid for other health issues?

Advocates for many developing-world health and population issues have expressed concern that the high level of donor attention to HIV/AIDS is displacing funding for their own concerns. Even organizations dedicated to HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment have raised this issue. However, the issue of donor displacement has not been evaluated empirically. This paper attempts to do so by considering donor funding for four historically prominent health agendasâ

Health care costs, savings and productivity benefits resulting from a large employer sponsored ART program in South Africa

Background: Employer-based programs are playing an increasing important role in the rapid scale up of access to antiretroviral (ART) in Southern Africa. There is limited evidence on the costs of provision, net impact on health service utilization and wider benefits associated with improved absenteeism, productivity at work and rates of labor turnover for ART. This paper presents an economic analysis of 2400 employees on treatment through a large employer ART in South Africa.

Healthcare utilization of patients accessing an African national antiretroviral treatment program

BACKGROUND: The roll-out of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Africa will have significant resource implications arising from its impact on demand for healthcare services. Existing studies of healthcare utilization on ART have been conducted in the developed world, where ART is commenced when HIV illness is less advanced. METHODS: This paper describes healthcare utilization from program entry by treatment-naive patients in a peri-urban settlement in South Africa.

Highly active antiretroviral treatment and health related quality of life in South African adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection: A cross-sectional analytical study

BACKGROUND: Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) is an important outcome in times of Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART). We compared the HRQoL of HIV positive patients receiving HAART with those awaiting treatment in public sector facilities in the Free State province in South Africa. METHODS: A stratified random sample of 371 patients receiving or awaiting HAART were interviewed and the EuroQol-profile, EuroQol-index and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were compared.

HIV Drug Treatment Expenditures at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS)

HIV/AIDS in the commercial agriculture sector in Zambia: impact and responses

HIV/AIDS Services Through the Workplace: A Survey in Four Sub-Saharan African Countries

For over a decade, many businesses have experienced increased costs and reduced productivity as a result of HIV/AIDS. Many companies are responding to the HIV/AIDS crisis through investment in prevention programs, especially in employee education and condom distribution. A smaller, but increasing number have supported a range of care and treatment services for employees and their families. However, not enough is known about the factors that influence the choices companies make in HIV/AIDS service provision and the range of approaches taken to increase access to services.

HIV/AIDS, ARV treatment and worker absenteeism: evidence from a large African firm

Household impacts of AIDS: using a life course analysis to identify effective, poverty-reducing interventions for prevention, treatment, and care

This paper, produced in July 2007 by TARSC (Training and Research Support Centre - UK) and HEARD, was commissioned by DFID, and uses Life Course Analysis to advance understanding of the impact of HIV and AIDS at household level and within households, and to inform choices for specific policies and investments that reduce poverty and enhance health and health equity. The research team consisted of Alan Whiteside, Jacqui Hadingham and Bunjiwe Gwebu.

How much does it cost to provide antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS in Africa?

How to make the global HIV response sustainable

Hunger, waiting time and transport costs: time to confront challenges to ART adherence in Africa

Adherence levels in Africa have been found to be better than those in the US. However around one out of four ART users fail to achieve optimal adherence, risking drug resistance and negative treatment outcomes. A high demand for 2nd line treatments (currently ten times more expensive than 1st line ART) undermines the sustainability of African ART programs. There is an urgent need to identify context-specific constraints to adherence and implement interventions to address them.

Impact of AIDS on government service delivery: the case of the Zambia Wildlife Authority

Integrating tuberculosis and HIV services for people living with HIV: Costs of the Zambian ProTEST Initiative

Is early HIV testing of infants in poorly resourced prevention of mother to child transmission programmes unaffordable?

OBJECTIVES: Paediatric HIV infection is predominantly vertically transmitted and 90% of the global burden is carried by Sub Saharan Africa. Diagnosis of HIV infection is important to ensure access to appropriate healthcare. Prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) programmes in low resource settings fail to identify HIV-infected children because of high lost to follow-up rates by 12 months of age when HIV testing is performed.

Linking NHA and NASA A country perspective - Rwanda

Linking resource needs and strategic planning

Presentation at the February 22, 2008 IAEN Technical Consultation

Methods for estimating global resource needs for HIV/AIDS 2008-2015

Presentation at the February 22, 2008 IAEN Technical Consultation

Models of care for antiretroviral service delivery

Mystery of the vanishing benefits: Ms Speedy Analyst's introduction to evaluation

The setting for this good-natured training guide for impact evaluation is the fictional developing country Labas. Twelve months ago the government introduced an antipoverty program in Northwest Labas with support from the World Bank. The programs aims to provide cash transfers to poor families with school-age children. To be eligible to receive the transfer, households must have observable characteristics that suggest they are poor.

Out-of-pocket costs of HAART limit HIV treatment responses in Botswana's private sector

A large number of HIV-infected patients in sub-Saharan Africa pay out-of-pocket for HAART. This analysis from Botswana indicates that higher median out-of-pocket regimen costs to patients for the initial 30 days of HAART are associated with failure to achieve a viral load< 400 copies/ml [US$32; interquartile range (IQR), 20-84 compared with US$22; (IQR, 17-36), P = 0.001]. HAART costs should be minimized as scale-up efforts in sub-Saharan Africa progress

Patient retention in antiretroviral therapy programs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review

Paying the patient: improving health using financial incentives

This work is the first in a series of papers on how people can be encouraged to adopt healthy behaviour. Input into these papers, through discussion and invited comment, will contribute to a final report at the end of 2008. This paper, identifying programmes based on both positive and negative incentives, finds that financial incentives are effective in encouraging people to perform clearly defined, time-limited, simple behavioural tasks, and also in encouraging participation in lifestyle programmes.

Primary estimates of the costs of antiretroviral therapy care in sub-Saharan Africa

Private sector and HIV/AIDS in Africa: taking stock of six years of applied research

Proposal for the Development of a Standardized Protocol for Assessing the Economic Costs of HIV Prevention Interventions

Maximizing our economic investment in HIV prevention requires balancing the costs of candidate interventions against their effects and selecting the most cost-effective interventions for implementation. However, many HIV prevention intervention trials do not collect cost information, and those that do use a variety of cost data collection methods and analysis techniques. Standardized cost data collection procedures, instrumentation, and analysis techniques are needed to facilitate the task of assessing intervention costs and to ensure comparability across intervention trials.

Resource needs to support orphans and vulnerable children in sub-Saharan Africa

In sub-Saharan Africa, 43 million children under the age of 18 have lost one or both parents to AIDS, conflict or other causes. This large number strains systems by which families and communities have traditionally provided care for orphans. Support for some orphans is being provided by a variety of government, community and non-governmental organizations but this assistance reaches only a small percentage of those who need it.

RFP: Expanding Long Term Financing Options for Countries in West and Central Africa with High HIV Burden

RFP: Expanding Long Term Financing Options for Middle-income Countries in Latin America and Caribbean with High HIV Burden

Short-term physical and emotional health outcomes of public sector ART in the Free State province of South Africa

Introduction In order to assess the health outcomes of the South African public sector antiretroviral treatment (ART) programme, it is important to gain a better understanding of the complex relationship between ART and the multidimensional construct quality of life (QoL). Because of the gap between supply and demand, equity issues arise concerning the provisioning of ART. Objective The aim of this paper is to examine how and to what extent public sector ART is related to the physical and emotional health of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).

Socioeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS in Ukraine

At present, Ukraine's HIV/AIDS epidemic is among the fastest growing in Europe, with officially registered new HIV cases having doubled over 2000-2004. Official data suggest Ukraine may be on the brink of the generalized epidemic phase. In the medium term, the study forecasts that HIV/AIDS will have a significant impact on economic growth, investment and social welfare, life expectancy, and population growth.

Stable Outcomes and Costs in South African Patients' Second Year on Antiretroviral Treatment

The cost-effectiveness of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV-infected children in Zambia

AIDS. 2008 Mar 30;22(6):749-57.

The Macroeconomic Impact of HIV/AIDS on the KZN and South African Economies: Estimates Using Workplace Testing Programme Data

The outcomes and outpatient costs of different models of antiretroviral treatment delivery in South Africa

OBJECTIVE: Estimate the average outpatient cost per patient in care and responding to treatment 1 year after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) under different models of treatment delivery in South Africa. METHODS: At each site, medical records for a sample patients of were reviewed 1 year after ART initiation. Each subject was assigned to one outcome category: in care and responding (IC);

The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief in Africa: An Evaluation of Outcomes

BACKGROUND: Since 2003, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has been the most ambitious initiative to address the global HIV epidemic. However, the effect of PEPFAR on HIV-related outcomes is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of PEPFAR on HIV-related deaths, the number of people living with HIV, and HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. DESIGN: Comparison of trends before and after the initiation of PEPFAR's activities.

Treatment for HIV/AIDS at South Africa's largest employers: myth and reality

Objectives. To determine what proportion of employees at the largest private-sector companies in South Africa have access to HIV/AIDS care and treatment, including antiretroviral therapy (ART); how many employees are enrolled in disease management programmes; how many are receiving ART; and which approach to the financing and delivery of care is proving most successful at reaching eligible employees.

Trends and predictors of quality of life among HIV-infected adults taking highly active antiretroviral therapy in rural Uganda

We examined trends and predictors of quality of life ( QOL) over 12 months among a prospective cohort of 947 HIV-1-infected adults initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART) between May 2003 and May 2004 in rural Uganda. Participants provided clinical, demographic and psychosocial data at baseline and every three months thereafter. Outcome measures included physical and mental health summary scores based on the Medical Outcomes Study-HIV Health Survey ( MOS-HIV).

Use of antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited countries in 2006: distribution and uptake of first- and second-line regimens

Objective: To address the information gap on current use of antiretroviral drugs (ARTs) in developing countries. Methods: The AIDS Medicines and Diagnostics Service of the World Health Organization (WHO) carried out a multi-country survey in early 2006. Questionnaires covered the use of first- and second-line regimens in adults and children, and the rates of switching from first-line to second-line regimen.

Who Gets AIDS and How? Education and Sexual Behaviors in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya and Tanzania

IAEN2008

Who is accessing antiretroviral therapy during national scale-up in Malawi?

Malawi is scaling-up provision of free antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the public sector. In the fourth quarter of 2004 and the first quarter of 2005, 3261 and 4530 new patients, respectively, were started on ART. Of these patients, approximately 40% were male and 95% were adults aged > or =13 years. The age group data show that women who accessed ART were in general 10 years younger than men.

Announcing the IAEN Forum

Thu, 28 Apr 2011 17:38:00 GMT

You are receiving this message because you have subscribed to the IAEN mailing list. If you no longer wish to receive messages from IAEN, follow this link: %%url.unsub%% ____________________________________ This is a message to announce the initiation of an online discussion forum on efficiency and effectiveness in the context of HIV and AIDS. Experts from a variety of organizations and disciplines are posting short discussion pieces on various aspects of this topic. It is intended to encourage

Introduction to the IAEN forum

Thu, 28 Apr 2011 17:46:00 GMT

I would like to formally welcome you to the International AIDS and Economics Network. IAEN has been in existence for over 17 years, yet we continue to evolve as an organization. When this organization began, it represented the only forum in which "AIDS economists" in Washington DC could meet and discuss issues such as the macroeconomic impact of AIDS, AIDS and its impact on agriculture and the workplace, the cost and cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS programs, etc.

Over time IAEN has managed to expand its scope, both in terms of reaching

Country Ownership, But of What? The Case for Efficiency and Effectiveness

Thu, 05 May 2011 17:31:00 GMT

Country Ownership, But of What? The Case for Efficiency and Effectiveness

Arin Dutta PhD and Farley Cleghorn MD, MPH

Futures Group

The global public health community has been actively engaged in debating and strategizing the concept of country ownership;

Other people's money - would more domestic fiscal effort lead to greater efficiency?

Thu, 12 May 2011 14:06:00 GMT

"Other people´s money — would more domestic fiscal effort lead to greater efficiency?"

Robert Hecht, Results for Development Institute

In the current debate on how to improve effectiveness and efficiency in AIDS programs, especially in low and middle income countries, a lot of excellent thinking and analysis are being done on the technical aspects of this problem. Members of the IAEN are playing an important role in this.

But what about the politics of who pays for an expanded AIDS effort in the coming years? I argue here t

Efficiency and Effectiveness of HIV/AIDS Policies and Interventions

Thu, 19 May 2011 17:08:00 GMT

Efficiency and Effectiveness of HIV/AIDS Policies and Interventions

By Ilaria Regondi and Alan Whiteside (HEARD, University of KwaZulu-Natal)

Why focus on efficiency and effectiveness?

Efficiency is one of the key underpinnings of economic theory. Economists argue that the achievement of greater efficiency from scarce resources should be a

What are the most cost-effective HIV/AIDS interventions?

Thu, 26 May 2011 13:25:00 GMT

What are the most cost-effective HIV/AIDS interventions?

John Stover

The cost-effectiveness of HIV interventions varies by epidemic so there is no single answer to this question. To further complicate matters we have relatively good cost and effectiveness information on key biomedical interventions such as ART, male circumcision, condoms and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT). Cost and impact are much harder to define for behavior change interven

Fighting a Concentrated Epidemic: MARPs in Vietnam

Thu, 02 Jun 2011 13:59:00 GMT

Fighting a concentrated epidemic: MARPs in Vietnam

William McGreevey

What is Happening with pre-ART Care in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Mon, 13 Jun 2011 17:48:00 GMT

What is happening with pre-ART care in sub-Saharan Africa?

Sydney Rosen

The remarkable expansion of access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV/AIDS in resource-constrained countries has given nearly four million HIV-positive adults in sub-Saharan Africa the opportunity to achieve what for many may be nearly normal life expectancies [1]. Others, however, do not make it past their first year on treatment.

Bringing HIV Programming Home: the Efficiency Possibilities of Country Ownership

Thu, 16 Jun 2011 21:28:00 GMT

Bringing HIV programming home: the efficiency possibilities of country ownership

Eileen Stillwaggon

Gettysburg College, Gettysburg PA, USA

Email: stillwaggon at gettysburg.edu

This IAEN series of papers is about effectiveness and efficiency of HIV/AI

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Financial sustainability of the response to HIV and AIDS in South Africa: comparing the estimated costs of the new South African National Strategic Plan with projected estimates of available funds: exploring funding options.

Long-run effects of ART on employment in rural South African households

Value for Money - challenges to current paradigms and suggestions for improvement

The cost-effectiveness of early detection and adequate monitoring of HIV/AIDS patients in Mexico

The cost-effectiveness of maternal and infant antiretroviral regimens to prevent vertical HIV transmission in Malawi

The Cost-Effectiveness of Adding a Third HIV Test in Routine HIV Testing to Reduce the Frequency of False Positive Test Results in Sub-Saharan Africa

Strategies to facilitate timely and rigorous impact evaluation of large-scale HIV interventions

Scaling-Up Male Circumcision in Tanzania Yields Cost Benefits for HIV Prevention

Evaluating the Costs of Medication Assisted Therapy in Georgia

Cost and efficiency analysis of the Avahan HIV Prevention programme for high risk groups in India

Modelling cost of ART for prevention

Comparative economic positions of orphan, non-orphan and mixed households: Findings from round 3 of the Amajuba District Study in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

An Investigation of the Health and Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS on Malawi Households: A Cohort Study in Mangochi District

Rush to Judgement: Confounding in STI-HIV Prevention Trials

A Quality Review Process for HIV Prevention Costing Studies in Developing Countries

A new approach to costing HIV interventions: Using project records from the International HIV/AIDS Alliance coalition of organizations in West Africa

Site Maturity and Patient Volume are Strong Predictors of HIV Treatment Costs in Resource Limited Settings: Results of a 6 Country Study

Explaining variation in the average cost of antiretroviral treatment: Policy and environmental determinants of the cost of ART in Africa

The cost of scaling-up Anti-retroviral Treatment: a costing study in 161 representative facilities in Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, and Zambia

Taking ART to Scale: Determinants of the Cost and Cost-Effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy in 45 Clinical Sites in Zambia

Antiretroviral Therapy in Zambia: Costs, Patient Outcomes and Implications for further scale-up

Assuring the delivery of third-line ART in Brazil: Policy Issues and Perspectives

Assessment process for human resources for health planning toward more sustainable antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment and HIV counseling and testing (HCT) services

Evaluating the Costs of Implementing a More Sustainable Response: A Study of PEPFAR Support to Kenya's PMTCT Program, 2005-2010

ART Guideline Changes and the Potential Impacts on Program Sustainability in Botswana

Spending on Prevention Activities in the SADC Region - Are the Trends and Priorities within an Investment Framework?

A Portfolio Approach for HIV Control in South Africa

Out-of-pocket costs for patients receiving HIV care and treatment in Kenya

Out-of-pocket payments in HIV treatment: Evidence from ten sites

Introducing new TB diagnostics for those living with HIV: consequences for the South African health budget

Value for money of structural interventions: going beyond HIV-only costs-effectiveness analysis

How does integration impact the costs and efficiency of delivering HIV services? A summary of baseline costs in Kenya and Swaziland

The Costing of HIV Testing and Counseling in Botswana: Capturing Cost and Effectiveness Data for Multiple Service Delivery Models

A systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of Harm Reduction for IDUs - how good is the evidence?

Cost effectiveness analysis of PMTCT service delivery modalities in Addis Ababa (Using Decision Models)

Challenges of adapting the standard National AIDS Spending Assessment methodology in some African countries: a case study of Uganda

Trends of resource allocation for HIV/AIDS in low-income countries: Are there inefficiencies?

Should the lack of and the poor quality of information on HIV/AIDS unit costs raise concerns about resource allocation inefficiency in Sub Saharan Africa?

Economic evaluation of HIV vaccination: current practice and broadened perspectives

The impact of antiretroviral therapy on economic outcomes for South African patients: five-year follow-up and attrition analysis

Outcomes and outpatient costs of pediatric ART in Zambia

Disability Grant terminations and the virologic and immunilogic response to ARV treatment